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Purpose.
To investigate the immune response of human conjunctival epithelium to hyperosmolar stress.
Methods.
Tear osmolarity was measured with TearLab Osmolarity System (OcuSense) in 15 normal subjects and 25 dry eye (DE) patients; conjunctival imprint cytology samples were obtained at the nasal bulbar area. Subconfluent primary human conjunctival epithelial cells (pHCECs) and human conjunctival organ cultures (hCOCs), both cultured in iso-osmolar medium (305 mOsm/L), were exposed for 24 hrs to media with progressively higher osmolarity, with or without the ion channel inhibitor ruthenium red (RuR). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, on imprints from subjects, on pHCECs, on formalin fixed-paraffin embedded hCOCs, and by RT-PCR Statistical evaluation was performed by applying the unpaired Student's t-test, as well as Spearman's rho and Pearson's r correlation coefficients (significance p<0.05).
Results.
HLA-DR expression increased in DE subjects with respect to control (% mean±SD respectively 46.16±7.2 vs. 7.48±1.14, p< 0.0001) and exhibited significantly high correlations with tear osmolarity values (r 0.614, p<0.0001). In vitro experiments showed a progressive increase in HLA-DR expression as the osmolarity of the medium was increased from 6.75±1.16 (% mean±SD) in iso-osmolar-cultured cells to 9.96±1.37 and 12.94±4.04 in cells cultured in, respectively, 350 and 400 mOsm/L (p<0.05). A stepwise progressive increase was also found in hCOCs. Results were confirmed by RT-PCR. RuR significantly reduced HLA-DR expression in hyperosmolar-cultured cells
Conclusions.
Data from complementary techniques demonstrate that extracellular hyperosmolarity induces HLA-DR overexpression in human conjunctival epithelial cells in both DE patients and in vitro cell culture models.
To investigate the immune response of human conjunctival epithelium to hyperosmolar stress.
Methods.
Tear osmolarity was measured with TearLab Osmolarity System (OcuSense) in 15 normal subjects and 25 dry eye (DE) patients; conjunctival imprint cytology samples were obtained at the nasal bulbar area. Subconfluent primary human conjunctival epithelial cells (pHCECs) and human conjunctival organ cultures (hCOCs), both cultured in iso-osmolar medium (305 mOsm/L), were exposed for 24 hrs to media with progressively higher osmolarity, with or without the ion channel inhibitor ruthenium red (RuR). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, on imprints from subjects, on pHCECs, on formalin fixed-paraffin embedded hCOCs, and by RT-PCR Statistical evaluation was performed by applying the unpaired Student's t-test, as well as Spearman's rho and Pearson's r correlation coefficients (significance p<0.05).
Results.
HLA-DR expression increased in DE subjects with respect to control (% mean±SD respectively 46.16±7.2 vs. 7.48±1.14, p< 0.0001) and exhibited significantly high correlations with tear osmolarity values (r 0.614, p<0.0001). In vitro experiments showed a progressive increase in HLA-DR expression as the osmolarity of the medium was increased from 6.75±1.16 (% mean±SD) in iso-osmolar-cultured cells to 9.96±1.37 and 12.94±4.04 in cells cultured in, respectively, 350 and 400 mOsm/L (p<0.05). A stepwise progressive increase was also found in hCOCs. Results were confirmed by RT-PCR. RuR significantly reduced HLA-DR expression in hyperosmolar-cultured cells
Conclusions.
Data from complementary techniques demonstrate that extracellular hyperosmolarity induces HLA-DR overexpression in human conjunctival epithelial cells in both DE patients and in vitro cell culture models.
Versura P, Profazio V, Schiavi C, Campos EC.
Ophthalmology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy.
After going to numerous doctors over the years and none of them being able to help me, I finally went to an eye doctor who just happened to wash my eyes out with saline. So I went and bought a bottle($3.00) of saline solution and bought a eye cup and rinse my eyes out every morning. It helps get rid of the mucus. After just a few days the mucus is hardly there. Who knew just a cheap bottle of saline could work so well. Any eye wash helps but the saline seems to work better.
Hope this helps others. My eye problem seems to be almost gone and so is the fatigue that it has caused me for all these years.