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Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Preservatives and Fragrances in Cosmetics
Tatyana Hamilton, MD, PhD and Gillian C. de Gannes, MD, FRCPC
Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
. . .
Preservatives were identified as the most common cosmetic contact allergens in several recent studies.6,17,18 They can be classified into three broad categories: antimicrobials, antioxidants, and ultraviolet light absorbers. The antimicrobial agents can be further divided into formaldehyde preservatives, formaldehyde-releasers, and non-formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (FRP) include quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, and DMDM hydantoin. Non-formaldehyde-releasing preservatives include parabens, methylchloroisothiazolinone-methylisothiazolinone (MCI-MI), methyldibromoglutaronitrile-phenoxyethanol (MDBGN-PE), and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Individuals allergic to formaldehyde may also be allergic to any of the FRPs.
Formaldehyde-sensitized individuals may experience a flare of ACD with a number of foods, including cod fish, caviar, coffee, shiitake mushrooms, smoked ham, maple syrup, and aspartame.19Table 1 lists the top 20 NACDG screening allergens associated with cosmetic source in females.17
. . .
There are over 3000 different fragrances used in cosmetics today.20 Not surprisingly, fragrances represent the second most common group of cosmetic allergens.
. . .
Many of the specific fragrance ingredients are protected by the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act as they are considered trade secrets.19 It is important to keep in mind that many products labeled as 'unscented', 'hypoallergenic', or even 'fragrance-free' do, in fact, contain ******g fragrances.
. . .
Fragrance Mix I (8.0% in petrolatum)
• Amyl cinnamic alcohol 1.0%
• Cinnamic alcohol 1.0%
• Eugenol 1.0%
• Cinnamic aldehyde 1.0%
• Hydroxycitronellal 1.0%
• Geraniol 1.0%
• Isoeugenol 1.0%
• Oak moss absolute 1.0%
• Sorbitan sesquioleate (emulsifier) 5.0%
Fragrance Mix II (14.0% in petrolatum)
• Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (2.5%)
• Citral 1.0%
• Farnesol 2.5%
• Coumarin 2.5%
• Citronellol 0.5%
• Hexyl cinnamal 5.0%[/quote]
Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Peru (BOP) (myroxylon pereirae resin) is an aromatic fluid that comes from the bark of the tree Myroxylon balsamum, a tree native to El Salvador.19 It is a complex mixture of many ingredients, all of which have not yet been completely identified. Key ingredients including benzoyl cinnamate, benzoyl benzoate, benzoic acid, vanillin, and nerodilol can be found in the following three groups of products: fragrance in perfumes and toiletries, flavorings in foods and drinks, and medicaments. In the past, FMI and BOP were able to detect approximately 90% of fragrance allergies. However, with the increasing number of fragrances and botanicals in use today, their screening ability is now estimated to be around 60%.19 Thus, FMII and a number of botanical extracts are now part of the 2010 NACDG screening series that comprise 70 allergens. Often, additional cosmetic and botanical series are required to diagnose fragrance allergy. Patients with contact allergy to BOP may also react to a number of substances that are well known cross-reactants with BOP (Table 3). Thus, patients should be appropriately counseled to avoid these agents.
[read full article at link above]
Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Preservatives and Fragrances in Cosmetics
Tatyana Hamilton, MD, PhD and Gillian C. de Gannes, MD, FRCPC
Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
. . .
Preservatives were identified as the most common cosmetic contact allergens in several recent studies.6,17,18 They can be classified into three broad categories: antimicrobials, antioxidants, and ultraviolet light absorbers. The antimicrobial agents can be further divided into formaldehyde preservatives, formaldehyde-releasers, and non-formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (FRP) include quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, and DMDM hydantoin. Non-formaldehyde-releasing preservatives include parabens, methylchloroisothiazolinone-methylisothiazolinone (MCI-MI), methyldibromoglutaronitrile-phenoxyethanol (MDBGN-PE), and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate. Individuals allergic to formaldehyde may also be allergic to any of the FRPs.
Formaldehyde-sensitized individuals may experience a flare of ACD with a number of foods, including cod fish, caviar, coffee, shiitake mushrooms, smoked ham, maple syrup, and aspartame.19Table 1 lists the top 20 NACDG screening allergens associated with cosmetic source in females.17
. . .
There are over 3000 different fragrances used in cosmetics today.20 Not surprisingly, fragrances represent the second most common group of cosmetic allergens.
. . .
Many of the specific fragrance ingredients are protected by the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act as they are considered trade secrets.19 It is important to keep in mind that many products labeled as 'unscented', 'hypoallergenic', or even 'fragrance-free' do, in fact, contain ******g fragrances.
. . .
Fragrance Mix I (8.0% in petrolatum)
• Amyl cinnamic alcohol 1.0%
• Cinnamic alcohol 1.0%
• Eugenol 1.0%
• Cinnamic aldehyde 1.0%
• Hydroxycitronellal 1.0%
• Geraniol 1.0%
• Isoeugenol 1.0%
• Oak moss absolute 1.0%
• Sorbitan sesquioleate (emulsifier) 5.0%
Fragrance Mix II (14.0% in petrolatum)
• Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (2.5%)
• Citral 1.0%
• Farnesol 2.5%
• Coumarin 2.5%
• Citronellol 0.5%
• Hexyl cinnamal 5.0%[/quote]
Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Peru (BOP) (myroxylon pereirae resin) is an aromatic fluid that comes from the bark of the tree Myroxylon balsamum, a tree native to El Salvador.19 It is a complex mixture of many ingredients, all of which have not yet been completely identified. Key ingredients including benzoyl cinnamate, benzoyl benzoate, benzoic acid, vanillin, and nerodilol can be found in the following three groups of products: fragrance in perfumes and toiletries, flavorings in foods and drinks, and medicaments. In the past, FMI and BOP were able to detect approximately 90% of fragrance allergies. However, with the increasing number of fragrances and botanicals in use today, their screening ability is now estimated to be around 60%.19 Thus, FMII and a number of botanical extracts are now part of the 2010 NACDG screening series that comprise 70 allergens. Often, additional cosmetic and botanical series are required to diagnose fragrance allergy. Patients with contact allergy to BOP may also react to a number of substances that are well known cross-reactants with BOP (Table 3). Thus, patients should be appropriately counseled to avoid these agents.
[read full article at link above]