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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22403157
Toxicol Sci. 2012 Mar 8. [Epub ahead of print]
Irritancy and Allergic Responses Induced by Exposure to the Indoor Air Chemical 4-Oxopentanal.
Anderson SE, Franko J, Jackson LG, Wells JR, Ham JE, Meade BJ.
Source
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505.
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing awareness regarding the potential impact of indoor air pollution on human health. People working in an indoor environment often experience symptoms such as eye, nose and throat irritation. Investigations into these complaints have ascribed the effects, in part, to compounds emitted from building materials, cleaning/consumer products, and indoor chemistry. One suspect indoor air contaminant that has been identified is the dicarbonyl 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA). 4-OPA is generated through the ozonolysis of squalene and several high volume production compounds that are commonly found indoors. Following preliminary workplace sampling that identified the presence of 4-OPA, these studies examined the inflamatory and allergic responses to 4-OPA following both dermal and pulmonary exposure using a murine model. 4-OPA was tested in a combined local lymph node assay (LLNA) and identified to be an irritant and sensitizer. A Th1-mediated hypersensitivity response was supported by a positive response in the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Pulmonary exposure to 4-OPA caused a significant elevation in nonspecific airway hyperreactivity, increased numbers of lung associated lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased interferon-γ production by lung associated lymph nodes. These results suggest that both dermal and pulmonary exposure to 4-OPA may elicit irritant and allergic responses and may help to explain some of the adverse health effects associated with poor indoor air quality.
PMID:
22403157
[PubMed - as supplied
From a 2009 Scientific American article about 4-OPA:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/ar...duce-irritants
. . . . .
Toxicol Sci. 2012 Mar 8. [Epub ahead of print]
Irritancy and Allergic Responses Induced by Exposure to the Indoor Air Chemical 4-Oxopentanal.
Anderson SE, Franko J, Jackson LG, Wells JR, Ham JE, Meade BJ.
Source
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505.
Abstract
Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing awareness regarding the potential impact of indoor air pollution on human health. People working in an indoor environment often experience symptoms such as eye, nose and throat irritation. Investigations into these complaints have ascribed the effects, in part, to compounds emitted from building materials, cleaning/consumer products, and indoor chemistry. One suspect indoor air contaminant that has been identified is the dicarbonyl 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA). 4-OPA is generated through the ozonolysis of squalene and several high volume production compounds that are commonly found indoors. Following preliminary workplace sampling that identified the presence of 4-OPA, these studies examined the inflamatory and allergic responses to 4-OPA following both dermal and pulmonary exposure using a murine model. 4-OPA was tested in a combined local lymph node assay (LLNA) and identified to be an irritant and sensitizer. A Th1-mediated hypersensitivity response was supported by a positive response in the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Pulmonary exposure to 4-OPA caused a significant elevation in nonspecific airway hyperreactivity, increased numbers of lung associated lymphocytes and neutrophils and increased interferon-γ production by lung associated lymph nodes. These results suggest that both dermal and pulmonary exposure to 4-OPA may elicit irritant and allergic responses and may help to explain some of the adverse health effects associated with poor indoor air quality.
PMID:
22403157
[PubMed - as supplied
From a 2009 Scientific American article about 4-OPA:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/ar...duce-irritants
When it's smoggy outside, the ozone(O3) responsible for the murk slips indoors, too, wafting through doors or ventilation systems. Once inside, the volatile oxygen molecule reacts with carpets, chemical cleaner residue and human skin.
In fact, according to new researchpublished last week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ozone coming into contact with human skin and hair, specifically the oils on each of them, sets off a whole lot of chemistry, some of it possibly of concern.
"Ozone and humans have been interacting since the dawn of man," says chemist Charles Weschler of the Environmental and Occupational Health Institute in New Jersey, lead author of the study. But "we found that when ozone reacts with skin oils you get a series of products, some of which have not been previously identified."
One of those products, known as 4-oxopentanal, or 4-OPA, is structurally similar to diacetyl, perhaps better known as the popcorn-butter flavoring chemical that has caused serious lung issues for factory workers, known as "microwave popcorn lung". "We don't know how toxic some of these compounds are," Weschler says. "4-OPA's structure is similar to other dicarbonyls that we do know have adverse effects."
In fact, according to new researchpublished last week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ozone coming into contact with human skin and hair, specifically the oils on each of them, sets off a whole lot of chemistry, some of it possibly of concern.
"Ozone and humans have been interacting since the dawn of man," says chemist Charles Weschler of the Environmental and Occupational Health Institute in New Jersey, lead author of the study. But "we found that when ozone reacts with skin oils you get a series of products, some of which have not been previously identified."
One of those products, known as 4-oxopentanal, or 4-OPA, is structurally similar to diacetyl, perhaps better known as the popcorn-butter flavoring chemical that has caused serious lung issues for factory workers, known as "microwave popcorn lung". "We don't know how toxic some of these compounds are," Weschler says. "4-OPA's structure is similar to other dicarbonyls that we do know have adverse effects."
NIOSH immunotoxicologist Stacey Anderson has begun testing dicarbonyls, 4-OPA in particular, to see if they provoke an immune reaction in mice or human lung cells. "We have some promising results from that work in 4-OPA and others, some traditional markers for irritation," such as cytokine levels, she says.